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[2]通稱：諾思羅普·格魯曼B-2隱形戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)）是由諾思羅普·格魯曼和波音公司聯(lián)合麻省理工學(xué)院為美國空軍研制的執(zhí)行戰(zhàn)略核/常規(guī)打擊任務(wù)的低可偵測性飛翼式轟炸機(jī)，是世界上唯一一種隱身戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)， [2]也是最先進(jìn)和最昂貴的戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)。 [1]B-2戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)屬于美軍第三代戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)，1997年4月服役， [1]第一次投入實(shí)戰(zhàn)是在塞爾維亞的科索沃戰(zhàn)爭。 [7]該機(jī)集大載荷、長航時(shí)、超遠(yuǎn)程和隱身性于一身，能在任何天氣條件下“全球到達(dá)”“全球投彈”“全球摧毀”。 [1]美空軍當(dāng)前使用的作戰(zhàn)型號為B-2A，乘員2名，最大載彈量22.7噸，最大時(shí)速764千米，實(shí)用升限1.52萬米，最大航程1110萬米，空中加油后可達(dá)1852萬米，滯空時(shí)長不少于10小時(shí)。 [1]安裝4臺GE F118-110非加力渦扇發(fā)動機(jī)，每臺額定靜推力8,618千克。 [4]最主要特點(diǎn)是低可偵測性，俗稱“隱身能力”，外形采用飛翼式布局隱身設(shè)計(jì)，加上隱身涂料， [1]雷達(dá)反射截面只有不到0.1平方米， [8]僅相當(dāng)于一只飛鳥，普通雷達(dá)難尋其蹤跡。 [3]是美國唯一能夠穿透先進(jìn)防空系統(tǒng)的遠(yuǎn)程核能力戰(zhàn)機(jī)，可攜帶B61-7/11和B83-1等核炸彈。 [5]總共生產(chǎn)21架， [1]每架造價(jià)超過24億美元。 [1]2008年，“堪薩斯精神”號B-2轟炸機(jī)飛控系統(tǒng)發(fā)出錯(cuò)誤指令， [3]在關(guān)島安德森空軍基地墜毀。 [1]如今，B-2轟炸機(jī)早已停產(chǎn)，數(shù)量僅有18架。 [3]中文名B-2“幽靈” 戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)外文名B-2 Spirit前型/級B-2 [3]次型/級B-2A [1]研制單位諾思羅普·格魯曼公司服役時(shí)間1997年4月 [1]國 家美國 [1]首飛時(shí)間1989年7月17日氣動布局飛翼 [10]發(fā)動機(jī)數(shù)量雙發(fā) [10]乘 員2人 [10]發(fā)動機(jī)四臺通用電氣F118-GE-110發(fā)動機(jī) [10]翼 展52.43米 [10]空 重56,699千克 [10]最大起飛重量168,422千克 [10]最大航程1110萬米 [1]最大時(shí)速764千米 [1]實(shí)用升限1.52萬米 [1]目錄1基本概況2發(fā)展沿革?研制背景?計(jì)劃確定?計(jì)劃頒布?設(shè)計(jì)確定?正式服役?建造數(shù)量3技術(shù)特點(diǎn)?機(jī)型結(jié)構(gòu)?氣動設(shè)計(jì)?隱身性能?動力系統(tǒng)?航電系統(tǒng)?武裝籌載?性能數(shù)據(jù)4軍事打擊?科索沃戰(zhàn)爭?阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭?利比亞沖突?紅海及中東5服役動態(tài)6維修難度?故障原因?維修成本?難修原因7后續(xù)改進(jìn)8總體評價(jià)9爭議事件基本概況播報(bào)編輯B-2轟炸機(jī)(13張)諾斯羅普·格魯門B-2隱形戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)（英語：Northrop Grumman B-2 Stealth and Strategic Bomber）綽號“幽靈”（英語：Spirit）是由由諾斯洛普和波音公司聯(lián)合麻省理工學(xué)院為美國空軍研制的執(zhí)行戰(zhàn)略核/常規(guī)打擊任務(wù)的低可偵測性飛翼式轟炸機(jī)。 [2]美國總共生產(chǎn)B-2戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)21架， [1]一架B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)造價(jià)達(dá)24億美元，若以重量計(jì)，它的重量單位價(jià)格比黃金還要貴兩到三倍。 [8]B-2隱形戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)是美國唯一能夠穿透先進(jìn)防空系統(tǒng)的遠(yuǎn)程核能力戰(zhàn)機(jī)，可攜帶B61-7/11和B83-1等核炸彈。 [5]B-2轟炸機(jī)是當(dāng)今世界唯一的現(xiàn)役隱形戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)，它綜合使用了多種隱形技術(shù)和設(shè)計(jì)，為對抗雷達(dá)偵測，采用了獨(dú)特的隱身造型和吸波材料設(shè)計(jì)，可同時(shí)降低紅外線、可見光與噪音等不同訊號，使被偵測與鎖定的可能性降到最低。據(jù)報(bào)道，B-52轟炸機(jī)的雷達(dá)反射截面為1000平方米，米格-29為25平方米，B-1B為不足1平方米，而B-2A只有不到0.1平方米，僅僅相當(dāng)于天空中的一只飛鳥的雷達(dá)反射截面，這就使一般雷達(dá)很難發(fā)現(xiàn)它。 [12]B-2A轟炸機(jī)機(jī)身長21.03米，高5.18米，翼展為52.43米，最大載彈量22680千克，機(jī)身裝有4臺美國通用動力公司出產(chǎn)的F118-GE-100型渦扇發(fā)動機(jī)。飛機(jī)在空中不加油的情況下，作戰(zhàn)航程可達(dá)1.2萬千米，空中加油一次則可達(dá)1.8萬千米。每次執(zhí)行任務(wù)的空中飛行時(shí)間一般不少于10小時(shí)，美國空軍稱其具有“全球到達(dá)”和“全球摧毀”能力。 [12]B-2A上配有先進(jìn)的NSS導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，為其提供先進(jìn)的自動導(dǎo)航和傳統(tǒng)的星座對位導(dǎo)航。機(jī)上目標(biāo)瞄準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng)采用的是全球定位（GPS）輔助瞄準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng)，顯示模式可放大四倍，方便觀察瞄準(zhǔn)，炸彈擊中目標(biāo)的誤差通常小于6米。在B-2自身的瞄準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng)輔助下，其攜帶的聯(lián)合直接攻擊彈藥（JDAM）投彈誤差在2-3米之內(nèi)，精度相當(dāng)之高。在科索沃戰(zhàn)爭中，B-2轟炸機(jī)投放的3枚JDAM準(zhǔn)確命中中國使館，造成三名駐南工作人員的不幸犧牲。 [12]發(fā)展沿革播報(bào)編輯研制背景1975年問世的米格-31(2張)上世紀(jì)70年代，正值冷戰(zhàn)打得如火如荼的階段，蘇聯(lián)大力發(fā)展各種中遠(yuǎn)程防空導(dǎo)彈和高空高速國土防空攔截機(jī)，例如S-200（北約代號：薩姆-5）中高空超遠(yuǎn)程地對空導(dǎo)彈、S-300（北約代號：薩姆-10）全空域防空導(dǎo)彈系統(tǒng)，以及米格-25、米格-31等高空超音速攔截戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)等，各種空中來襲目標(biāo)都成為這些尖端防空系統(tǒng)的“囊中之物”。 [12]為隱秘突破蘇聯(lián)防空網(wǎng)，尋找并摧毀其洲際彈道核導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射基地和其它重要戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，美國空軍提出制造一種新的戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)，強(qiáng)調(diào)突防能力，要求能夠避開對空雷達(dá)探測，潛入敵方縱深，以80%的成功率完成任務(wù)。為此，空軍擬制出了“軍刀穿透者”計(jì)劃，把隱身技術(shù)的應(yīng)用列入了具體議事日程。 [12]計(jì)劃確定F-117戰(zhàn)斗攻擊機(jī)(1張)建造B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)的構(gòu)想始于1975年。 [8]當(dāng)時(shí)，美國國防部首次提出將隱身技術(shù)運(yùn)用到飛機(jī)上。兩年后，美國空軍為隱身轟炸機(jī)設(shè)定了具體目標(biāo)：能避開嚴(yán)密的對空雷達(dá)探測網(wǎng)，潛入敵縱深，以80%的成功率完成任務(wù)。1974年，隨著F-117隱形戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的投產(chǎn)，美國國防部和國會要人也開始接受了“隱身轟炸機(jī)”這一概念，并于1979正式批準(zhǔn)了空軍提出的研制這種飛機(jī)的申請報(bào)告。次年，美國空軍就研制“先進(jìn)戰(zhàn)略突防飛機(jī)”（ASPA）進(jìn)行了公開招標(biāo)，諾斯羅普公司提出的方案得到了首肯。隨后，美國空軍把該機(jī)的研制項(xiàng)目正式定名為“先進(jìn)技術(shù)轟炸機(jī)”（ATB），這就是B-2隱形戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)的最初名稱。 [12]計(jì)劃頒布計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)——YB-49(2張)1980年9月美國空軍頒布了ATB的方案征詢書（RFP），由于該項(xiàng)目在成本和技術(shù)方面存在著嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)，所以空軍鼓勵(lì)航空航天企業(yè)間進(jìn)行合作。于是出現(xiàn)了兩大競爭陣營——洛克希德和羅克韋爾團(tuán)隊(duì)，諾斯羅普、波音和凌-特姆科-沃特（LTV）團(tuán)隊(duì)。1981年1月20日里根總統(tǒng)當(dāng)選后情況發(fā)生了變化。里根政府加大了國防投入，足以支持包括新型戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)在內(nèi)的幾個(gè)軍事研究項(xiàng)目。1981年10月2日里根總統(tǒng)宣布開始戰(zhàn)略現(xiàn)代化項(xiàng)目（SMP），購買100架B-1B。而ATB也作為SMP的一部分展開秘密研制，當(dāng)時(shí)預(yù)計(jì)總需求量多至132架。只有少數(shù)內(nèi)部人士才知道當(dāng)時(shí)美國空軍正在同時(shí)進(jìn)行兩種戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)的研制。 [5-6]設(shè)計(jì)確定高級釘方案諾斯羅普的方案代號是“高級鉆石”（SeniorIce，密語無特定含義），洛克希德的方案代號“高級釘”（Senior Peg）?！案呒夈@石”由諾斯羅普先進(jìn)計(jì)劃高級副總裁維爾科·E·加西奇主持，計(jì)劃指導(dǎo)是哈爾·馬爾卡良。洛克希德/羅克韋爾的“高級釘”方案的資料披露不多，但鑒于當(dāng)時(shí)洛克希德在隱身技術(shù)上的成就以及羅克韋爾在B-1項(xiàng)目上的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，人們普遍認(rèn)為該隊(duì)會贏得競爭。但1981年10月20日美國空軍宣布諾斯羅普成為ATB合同的贏家，飛機(jī)編號B-2，并簽訂了6架試飛用機(jī)和兩架靜態(tài)測試機(jī)的初始合同，外加127架生產(chǎn)型轟炸機(jī)的意向訂貨，計(jì)劃在1987年達(dá)成初始作戰(zhàn)能力（IOC）。 [7-8]在三家公司的分工中，諾斯羅普負(fù)責(zé)制造前中央機(jī)身和座艙，飛機(jī)前后緣以及控制翼面，另外還負(fù)責(zé)最后的總裝和計(jì)劃的整體協(xié)調(diào)。波音負(fù)責(zé)制造后中央機(jī)身和彈艙，以及外翼段和起落架。LTV負(fù)責(zé)制造包括發(fā)動機(jī)艙在內(nèi)的機(jī)翼中段和尾噴口（LTV后被諾斯羅普·格魯曼并購）?？傃b在加州帕姆代爾美國空軍42號工廠4號場地進(jìn)行。 [9-10]正式服役1989年B2首飛1997年4月2日，首批6架B-2A隱形轟炸機(jī)正式在美國空軍服役，另外15架也將按計(jì)劃陸續(xù)交付部隊(duì)使用。從1997年首批6架B-2A服役到生產(chǎn)線最終關(guān)閉，美國只生產(chǎn)了21架B-2A（最初計(jì)劃生產(chǎn)132架），單機(jī)造價(jià)高達(dá)24億美元，相當(dāng)于30架B-52H戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)的造價(jià)。美軍之所以只生產(chǎn)了21架B-2 A轟炸機(jī)，造價(jià)昂貴是個(gè)中的一重要原因。 [12]建造數(shù)量建造數(shù)量呼號機(jī)尾號命名現(xiàn)狀A(yù)V-182-1066美利堅(jiān)幽靈號服役中AV-282-1067亞利桑那幽靈號服役中AV-382-1068紐約幽靈號服役中AV-482-1069印第安那幽靈號服役中AV-582-1070俄亥俄幽靈號服役中AV-682-1071密西西比幽靈號服役中AV-788-0328德克薩斯幽靈號服役中AV-888-0329密蘇里幽靈號服役中AV-988-0330加利福尼亞幽靈號服役中AV-1088-0331南卡幽靈號服役中AV-1188-0332華盛頓幽靈號2010年2月發(fā)動機(jī)艙失火，機(jī)體嚴(yán)重受損，修復(fù)中。AV-1289-0127堪薩斯幽靈號2008年2月23日失事墜毀AV-1389-0128內(nèi)布拉斯加幽靈號服役中AV-1489-0129喬治亞幽靈號服役中AV-1590-0040阿拉斯加幽靈號服役中AV-1690-0041夏威夷幽靈號服役中AV-1792-0700佛羅里達(dá)幽靈號服役中AV-1893-1085奧克拉荷馬幽靈號服役中AV-1993-1086小鷹幽靈號服役中AV-2093-1087賓夕法尼亞幽靈號服役中AV-2193-1088路易斯安納幽靈號服役中AV-22至AV-165取消 [11]技術(shù)特點(diǎn)播報(bào)編輯機(jī)型結(jié)構(gòu)最終確定的諾思羅普的設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)純粹的飛翼，沒有垂尾或方向舵，從正上方看B-2就像一個(gè)大尺寸的飛去來器。B-2的平面圖輪廓由12根互相平行的直線組成，機(jī)翼前緣與機(jī)翼后緣和另一側(cè)的翼尖平行。飛機(jī)的中間部位隆起以容納座艙、彈艙和電子設(shè)備。中央機(jī)身兩側(cè)的隆起是發(fā)動機(jī)艙，鋸齒狀進(jìn)氣口布置在飛翼背部，每個(gè)發(fā)動機(jī)艙內(nèi)安裝兩臺無加力渦扇發(fā)動機(jī)。翼尖并不是平行于氣流方向，而是進(jìn)行了切尖以平行于另側(cè)機(jī)翼前緣，除了翼尖外，整個(gè)外翼段沒有錐度，都為等弦長機(jī)翼。機(jī)身尾部后緣為W形鋸齒狀，邊緣也與兩側(cè)機(jī)翼前緣平行。由于飛翼的機(jī)翼前緣在機(jī)身之前，為了使氣動中心靠近重心，也需要將機(jī)翼后掠。 [12]起飛時(shí)的B-2(2張)B-2中央機(jī)身的深度需要足以容納座艙和彈艙，但長度卻要盡量縮短以避免在高亞音速時(shí)產(chǎn)生過多的阻力。中央機(jī)身外側(cè)機(jī)翼的弦長由發(fā)動機(jī)艙以及隱身進(jìn)氣口和尾噴口來決定。B-2在高亞音速飛行時(shí)，厚厚的超臨界翼型將機(jī)翼上表面的氣流速度加速至超音速。除了尾噴口后的區(qū)域外，B-2整個(gè)飛翼后緣布置有9塊大型的操縱翼面。最后方的“海貍尾”是一整塊可動控制面，用于在低空飛行時(shí)抵消因垂直陣風(fēng)引起的顛簸。最外側(cè)是一對被稱為“減速板-方向舵”的開裂式翼面。剩下6副翼面是用于俯仰和滾轉(zhuǎn)操縱的舵面，最外側(cè)一對在低速時(shí)也兼做副翼。 [13]氣動設(shè)計(jì)近距離展示的B-2(3張)B-2沒有垂尾，與傳統(tǒng)飛機(jī)不同。該機(jī)呈偏航中性，也就是說當(dāng)B-2向左或向右轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，不會產(chǎn)生回中的氣動力。B-2由機(jī)翼外段后緣的諾思羅普專利減速板-方向舵負(fù)責(zé)偏航控制，減速板-方向舵可向上下兩側(cè)開裂，同時(shí)開裂作為減速板，不對稱開裂時(shí)作為方向舵使用。由于飛翼表面的附面層的存在，減速板-方向舵至少要開裂5度以上才能起到作用。所以在正常飛行中，兩側(cè)的減速板-方向舵都處于5度的張開位置，當(dāng)需要進(jìn)行控制時(shí)就立即可以起作用，這也是看到B-2飛行照片中減速板-方向舵都是張開的原因。但是張開的減速板-方向舵會影響飛機(jī)的隱身效果，所以B-2在抵達(dá)戰(zhàn)區(qū)時(shí)，減速板-方向舵會完全閉合。 [14]隱身性能機(jī)庫中的B2首先，隱身性能來自它的外形。B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)外形光滑圓順，不易反射雷達(dá)波，駕駛艙呈圓弧狀，照射到這里的雷達(dá)波會繞艙體外“爬行”，而不會被反射回去。密封式玻璃艙罩呈一個(gè)斜面，且所有玻璃在制造時(shí)摻有金屬粉末，使雷達(dá)波無法穿透艙體，也就無法造成反射。 [8]其次，隱身性能來自它所使用的材料。整個(gè)機(jī)身，除主梁和發(fā)動機(jī)機(jī)艙使用的是鈦復(fù)合材料外，B-2其他部分均由碳纖維和石墨等復(fù)合材料構(gòu)成，不易反射雷達(dá)波。并且這些不同的復(fù)合材料部件不是靠鉚釘拼合，而是經(jīng)高壓壓鑄而成。尤其令人稱道的是，整個(gè)機(jī)體都噴涂了特制的吸波油漆，從而在很大程度上降低了敵方探測雷達(dá)的回波。 [8]飛行中的B-2(5張)B-2A的大部分表面都被一層特殊的彈性材料覆蓋，使表面保持均勻的電導(dǎo)率以減少來自接頭或接縫處的雷達(dá)波反射。而在設(shè)計(jì)中不能依靠外形進(jìn)行隱身的部位（如進(jìn)氣口）就要涂上雷達(dá)吸波材料（RAM）了，其組成成分是高度機(jī)密。RAM是可多層噴涂的涂料，內(nèi)含可將雷達(dá)波能量轉(zhuǎn)換成熱能的成分。全機(jī)涂上厚度適當(dāng)?shù)耐繉雍螅囟úㄩL的雷達(dá)波在照射到涂層后，涂層兩面反射的雷達(dá)波會發(fā)生干涉，從而相互抵消。類似的概念就是光學(xué)鏡頭的鍍膜，可以消除不必要的光線。 [15]動力系統(tǒng)B-2尾噴口B-2A中央機(jī)身兩側(cè)的發(fā)動機(jī)艙內(nèi)安裝了4臺GE F118-110非加力渦扇發(fā)動機(jī)，每臺額定靜推力8,618千克。F118是在F101-X的基礎(chǔ)上研制，后者是B-1轟炸機(jī)F101發(fā)動機(jī)的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)型號。與F101相比，F(xiàn)101-X有較小的低壓外涵機(jī)匣，將旁通比從2：1降到0.87：1。 [16]低旁通比的發(fā)動機(jī)只需較小的進(jìn)氣和排氣系統(tǒng)，所以被B-2選中。發(fā)動機(jī)進(jìn)氣口遠(yuǎn)離機(jī)翼前緣，以避免被來自下方的雷達(dá)波照射到。航電系統(tǒng)B-2轟炸機(jī)的飛控系統(tǒng)由4臺獨(dú)立計(jì)算機(jī)控制，還采用了比電纜操縱更加快捷的光導(dǎo)纖維。 [3]B-2A座艙布局(2張)B-2A的乘員編制兩名，并列坐在ACEII彈射座椅上，飛行員在左側(cè)，任務(wù)指揮官在右側(cè)。座艙前方和兩側(cè)有4片大型風(fēng)擋玻璃，乘員通過機(jī)腹艙門進(jìn)出座艙，在緊急情況時(shí)，彈射座椅通過座艙頂部的易碎艙門彈射。任務(wù)指揮官負(fù)責(zé)導(dǎo)航和武器投放，但兩名乘員都可以單獨(dú)完成整個(gè)任務(wù)。每個(gè)乘員面前都有4個(gè)彩色CRT顯示器，右側(cè)有一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)輸入面板，左側(cè)是一組油門。座艙后方還有第三名乘員的位置，但很少使用。該座位也有彈射座椅，頂部有易碎艙蓋。B-2A的導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)最初由兩套統(tǒng)組成，每套都可以單獨(dú)導(dǎo)航，但一起工作時(shí)精度會更高。一個(gè)是慣性測量單元，另一個(gè)是諾思羅普NAS-26天文慣性單元。NAS-26原本是為鬼魅遠(yuǎn)程巡航導(dǎo)彈研制的，是一個(gè)帶穩(wěn)定基座的光電望遠(yuǎn)鏡系統(tǒng)，可在陰天鎖定預(yù)先選定的星星。該系統(tǒng)的觀察窗口就在風(fēng)擋左側(cè)。 [18]B-2A機(jī)載雷達(dá)為AN/APQ-181相控陣?yán)走_(dá)，休斯公司制造。這種相控陣有2個(gè)雷達(dá)天線陣列，特點(diǎn)是不需外加旋轉(zhuǎn)或搖擺式天線，只通過信號陣位的改變和組合，可對不同角度和不同方位進(jìn)行掃瞄。它的工作頻率在12-18GHZ，旁波瓣小，抗電子干擾能力強(qiáng)。 [17]工作模式共有21種，最突出的是合成孔徑雷達(dá)工作模式和反合成孔徑雷達(dá)模式。前者主要用于掃瞄陸地地貌，可清晰地獲取161千米距離內(nèi)地表的掃瞄圖像，供飛機(jī)對地面目標(biāo)轟炸時(shí)使用；后者則主要用于識別和捕捉海上目標(biāo)，最遠(yuǎn)有效距離可達(dá)128千米。另外還可讓B-2A轟炸機(jī)使用地形匹配和地形規(guī)避技術(shù)，使其能貼地低空突入敵方空域去遂行轟炸任務(wù)。 [19]武裝籌載B-2轟炸機(jī)最多能夠攜帶18噸的武器彈藥，包括常規(guī)武器、核武器，精確制導(dǎo)彈藥、重力炸彈以及對海作戰(zhàn)武器。共有兩個(gè)彈艙，每個(gè)彈艙可以掛載旋轉(zhuǎn)式掛架或者兩個(gè)炸彈掛架?？梢詳y帶的彈藥有B-61、B-83核彈，Mk 82、Mk 62、CBU 87/89/97常規(guī)武器，以及衛(wèi)星制導(dǎo)的JDAM聯(lián)合直接攻擊彈藥。B-2還配有AGM-154聯(lián)合防區(qū)外武器系統(tǒng)(JSOW)、AGM-158聯(lián)合空對地防區(qū)外導(dǎo)彈(JASSM)，也可以發(fā)射具有隱身功能、突防能力成倍提升的AGM-129巡航導(dǎo)彈。 [14]B-2的掛彈能力B-2轟炸機(jī)的兩個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)彈架能攜帶16枚AGM-129型巡航導(dǎo)彈，也可攜帶80枚MK82型或16枚MK84型普通炸彈或36枚CBU-87型集束炸彈，使用新型的TSSM遠(yuǎn)程攻擊彈藥時(shí)攜彈量為16枚。當(dāng)使用核武器時(shí)可攜帶16枚B63型核炸彈。B2彈倉中的BDU-56炸彈此外AGM-129型巡航導(dǎo)彈也可裝載核彈頭。2002年2月B-2增加了使用聯(lián)合防區(qū)外空對地導(dǎo)彈JASSM的能力。外翼段內(nèi)部的大多數(shù)空間被油箱占據(jù)，發(fā)動機(jī)艙之間的機(jī)身下方并列布置了兩個(gè)大型彈艙，每個(gè)彈艙可掛載波音研制的先進(jìn)旋轉(zhuǎn)式掛架，可掛載8枚908千克級彈藥，也可安裝兩個(gè)炸彈掛架組件以掛載常規(guī)彈藥。經(jīng)過航電與裝備性能提升后的B-2A可以攜帶AGM-154聯(lián)合距外武器和GBU-28型5,000磅激光制導(dǎo)炸彈；此外，也可以攜帶AGM-158聯(lián)合空對地距外導(dǎo)彈。 [20]40,000磅（18,000千克）：以堆棧式炸彈掛架攜帶Mk 82 500磅低阻力通用炸彈（總攜帶數(shù)為80枚）27,000磅（12,000千克）：以堆棧式炸彈掛架攜帶750磅等級集束炸彈（總攜帶數(shù)為36枚）16具旋轉(zhuǎn)掛架（Rotary Launcher Assembly，RLA）：可攜帶2,000磅等級武器（如Mk 84 2,000磅低阻力通用炸彈、GBU-31聯(lián)合直接攻擊彈藥或B-61及B-83核彈）。 [21]B-2轟炸機(jī)可以使用GBU-57巨型鉆地彈。 這種重13.6噸、裝藥量達(dá)2.4噸的巨型鉆地彈，只能由B-2轟炸機(jī)攜帶，每架可攜帶2枚，能夠摧毀地下60米深的目標(biāo)，但庫存數(shù)量較為有限。 [6]B-2轟炸機(jī)可能使用了GBU-31“杰達(dá)姆”制導(dǎo)炸彈。 每架B-2可攜帶16枚這種2000磅（約0.9噸）的鉆地炸彈，其鉆地能力較弱，但可通過向一個(gè)地點(diǎn)連續(xù)投放的方式獲得較好的鉆地效果。 [6]性能數(shù)據(jù)性能數(shù)據(jù)分類參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)參考數(shù)據(jù)長度21.0米翼展52.4米高度5.18米翼面積478平方米空重71700千克正常起飛重量152200千克最大起飛重量170600千克發(fā)動機(jī)4×通用電氣公司F118-GE-100渦輪風(fēng)扇發(fā)動機(jī)推力4×17,300磅最大燃油量75750公斤參考性能最大速度0.95馬赫有效載荷23,000千克實(shí)用升限15,200米最大航程6,000海里（11,100公里）翼負(fù)荷329公斤/平方米推重比0.205 [22]軍事打擊播報(bào)編輯科索沃戰(zhàn)爭B-2轟炸機(jī)第一次投入實(shí)戰(zhàn)是在塞爾維亞的科索沃戰(zhàn)爭，這是投入服役十年后的第一次出戰(zhàn)。 [7]1999年3月24日，兩架B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)從懷特曼空軍基地起飛，經(jīng)過30小時(shí)連續(xù)飛行、兩次空中加油后，向南聯(lián)盟投放了32枚聯(lián)合直接攻擊彈藥。這是B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)首次參加實(shí)戰(zhàn)。整個(gè)科索沃戰(zhàn)爭中，B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)的飛行出動不到戰(zhàn)爭中飛機(jī)總出動量的1%，投彈量卻達(dá)到總投彈量的11%，摧毀了近33%的目標(biāo)。 [8]當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間1999年5月7日夜間，北京時(shí)間1999年5月8日，首次投入實(shí)戰(zhàn)的B-2轟炸機(jī)使用三枚精確制導(dǎo)炸彈直接擊中了中華人民共和國駐貝爾格萊德大使館，當(dāng)場炸死來自新華社的邵云環(huán)、《光明日報(bào)》的許杏虎和朱穎三名中國記者，炸傷數(shù)十人，造成大使館建筑的嚴(yán)重?fù)p毀。其中一枚JDAM未當(dāng)場爆炸，直到五年后才由塞爾維亞方面取出銷毀。之后中國方面認(rèn)為這是一次蓄意的轟炸，可能是對中國此前反對北約轟炸南聯(lián)盟的報(bào)復(fù)，因此向美國提出強(qiáng)烈的抗議，北約解釋這是誤炸。 [12] [23]被炸的中國駐貝爾格萊德大使館這次轟炸及之后的發(fā)展使原本由于中美兩國元首互訪而正處于上升階段的兩國關(guān)系驟然惡化。事件之后中國民眾群情激憤，很多大學(xué)生到美國和其他北約國家駐北京、上海、沈陽等地的使館前示威游行，游行活動在后期出現(xiàn)了失控的苗頭，包括焚燒美國快餐店、破壞美國使領(lǐng)館等。事件中，美國駐香港領(lǐng)事館也遭遇香港民眾示威抗議。中美兩國關(guān)系到1999年底開始逐漸恢復(fù)，北約對死傷的受難者進(jìn)行了經(jīng)濟(jì)賠償。時(shí)任美國總統(tǒng)的比爾·克林頓親自為此事件道歉，并對中國被損壞的館舍賠償。中國政府也對被抗議示威人群損毀的美國館舍進(jìn)行了賠償。 [24-25]阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭2003年3月，B-2投入伊拉克戰(zhàn)場，一架B-2在28日晚上首次實(shí)戰(zhàn)投放了兩顆2130千克的新型EGBU-28制導(dǎo)炸彈，炸毀了巴格達(dá)市內(nèi)位于底格里斯河畔的一個(gè)通訊塔。這是美軍在伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭中使用的最大的炸彈。EGBU-28有全球定位/慣性導(dǎo)航和半主動激光全程的雙模制導(dǎo)模式，比以往的JDAM炸彈更為先進(jìn)。EGBU-28既能有效摧毀大型堅(jiān)固目標(biāo)，也能盡量減少附帶殺傷。在伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭期間，B-2不加油航程為11119千米,已有兩架轉(zhuǎn)場到印度洋上的迪亞戈·加西亞美國空軍基地，從該基地起飛轟炸伊拉克不需要進(jìn)行空中加油。 [26]在阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭的頭3天里，共6架B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)從美國本土起飛，創(chuàng)造了連續(xù)作戰(zhàn)飛行44小時(shí)新紀(jì)錄。在伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭中，B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)共出動49架次，對伊拉克的指揮、控制、通信等設(shè)施進(jìn)行了精確打擊。 [8]利比亞沖突2011年，美國及其北約盟國介入利比亞國內(nèi)沖突后，掛著精確制導(dǎo)武器的B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)也曾逞強(qiáng)施威。3月20日，3架B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)從本土起飛，持續(xù)飛行超過25小時(shí)，向利比亞投下了40枚炸彈，承擔(dān)起在沖突之初深入敵領(lǐng)空“轟開大門”的重任。 [8]紅海及中東2024年10月16日晚間，美國對也門胡塞武裝發(fā)動新一輪打擊，目標(biāo)是后者包括地下設(shè)施在內(nèi)的武器儲存設(shè)施。此次打擊行動由美軍B-2“幽靈”戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)實(shí)施。美國防長奧斯汀和美國中央司令部也發(fā)聲證實(shí)。 [39]當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間2024年10月17日凌晨，也門胡塞武裝控制下的首都薩那和其大本營所在地也門北部的薩達(dá)省遭到美軍空襲，美軍在當(dāng)天的空襲中首次使用了B-2隱形轟炸機(jī)，旨在摧毀胡塞武裝存儲導(dǎo)彈及其他武器的堅(jiān)硬地下軍火庫，弱化胡塞武裝軍事實(shí)力，以及對周邊海域過往船只的襲擊能力。 [40]五角大樓表示，這是B-2轟炸機(jī)自2017年1月以來首次執(zhí)行作戰(zhàn)任務(wù)。分析人士指出，美軍動用戰(zhàn)略武器升級戰(zhàn)事的行為，引發(fā)了國際社會對于紅海及中東地區(qū)可能陷入“報(bào)復(fù)循環(huán)”的擔(dān)憂。 [6]2025年4月1日，美國國防部在一份聲明中說，美軍將向中東調(diào)遣更多戰(zhàn)機(jī)中隊(duì)及其他空中力量增強(qiáng)空中支援能力。與此同時(shí)，衛(wèi)星公司Planet Labs拍攝的圖像顯示，迭戈加西亞島上停機(jī)坪上有6架B-2轟炸機(jī)。 [43]2025年4月4日報(bào)道，美軍證實(shí)，部署在迭戈加西亞島軍事基地的美軍B-2轟炸機(jī)參加了近期對也門胡塞武裝的空襲行動。 [45]當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間4月5日晚到4月6日凌晨，也門胡塞武裝方面稱，美軍對也門薩達(dá)省薩達(dá)市西部、卡馬蘭島等地進(jìn)行多次空襲，造成多人死傷。胡塞武裝則對美軍艦船發(fā)動打擊。 [47]服役動態(tài)播報(bào)編輯墜毀的B-22008年2月23日，一架編號89-0127（命名為堪薩斯幽靈號）在美軍關(guān)島安德森空軍基地起飛時(shí)墜毀，機(jī)上兩名飛行員平安獲救。調(diào)查顯示B-2轟炸機(jī)在起飛前，24個(gè)傳感器之中的三個(gè)傳感器被水汽損傷，測得錯(cuò)誤的大氣資訊，導(dǎo)致飛控電腦錯(cuò)誤計(jì)算起飛所需的飛行速度和上升角度。盡管機(jī)上兩名飛行員試圖修改錯(cuò)誤資訊，但并不成功，飛機(jī)隨即沖向地面爆炸起火。2010年2月，B-2轟炸機(jī)（編號：88-0332）華盛頓幽靈號在關(guān)島安德森空軍基地地面啟動時(shí)四臺發(fā)動機(jī)中的一臺發(fā)生火災(zāi)，同時(shí)損壞了發(fā)動機(jī)艙和其他部件。這架B-2于2014年1月9日修復(fù)完成重新入役。 [27]B-2于韓國烏山基地上空2013年3月28日，美國空軍派出兩架B-2隱形轟炸機(jī)前往韓國參加韓美聯(lián)合軍演“禿鷲”。這是美國首次派遣可攜帶核武器的B-2隱形轟炸機(jī)赴朝鮮半島進(jìn)行實(shí)彈演習(xí)。這兩架飛機(jī)從密蘇里州的懷特曼空軍基地起飛，在“單次連續(xù)任務(wù)”中往返飛行1.3萬英里，在韓國的目標(biāo)范圍內(nèi)投下仿真彈藥。這次演習(xí)激怒了朝鮮，并促使平壤發(fā)出了在核武器的輔助下發(fā)動一場“全面戰(zhàn)爭”的威脅?？紤]到朝鮮已被B-52轟炸機(jī)參演所激怒，使用隱形轟炸機(jī)將進(jìn)一步加劇與平壤的緊張關(guān)系。 [28]當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間2018年10月23日早上，美國空軍一架B-2隱形轟炸機(jī)在飛行途中遇緊急情況，在科羅拉多泉機(jī)場迫降。 [29]當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間2024年5月10日，美國“戰(zhàn)區(qū)”（the WarZone）網(wǎng)站報(bào)道，美國空軍出于成本和復(fù)雜性因素考慮，決定放棄修復(fù)一架在此前事故中受損的B-2轟炸機(jī)，這將使得美國空軍理論上處于現(xiàn)役的B-2數(shù)量從20架降至19架。 [38]當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間2025年3月25日夜間，美國派遣多架B-2A隱身戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)前往印度洋的迪戈加西亞空軍基地。 [41]2025年3月，美國《華爾街日報(bào)》援引美國戰(zhàn)略司令部發(fā)言人的話報(bào)道稱，多架B-2隱形轟炸機(jī)本周已從美國密蘇里州基地飛抵位于印度洋中部迪戈加西亞島的美軍基地。與B-2轟炸機(jī)同時(shí)抵達(dá)的還有多架戰(zhàn)略運(yùn)輸機(jī)、加油機(jī)。 [42]2025年4月2日，美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)報(bào)道，最新拍攝的衛(wèi)星圖顯示，美國國防部已向印度洋島嶼迭戈加西亞部署至少6架B-2轟炸機(jī)，占美國空軍B-2轟炸機(jī)機(jī)隊(duì)的30%。 [44]4月4日，據(jù)美國媒體報(bào)道，美軍證實(shí)，部署在印度洋迪戈加西亞島軍事基地的B-2“幽靈”隱形轟炸機(jī)參加了近期對也門胡塞武裝的空襲行動。 [46]當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間4月11日晚，美軍對荷臺達(dá)發(fā)動兩次空襲。同日，胡塞武裝消息顯示，美軍空襲了也門首都薩那市所在的薩那省及荷臺達(dá)省。胡塞武裝表示，美軍B-2轟炸機(jī)進(jìn)入也門領(lǐng)空，并在多個(gè)省份上空飛行。 [48]5月13日，據(jù)路透社和《以色列時(shí)報(bào)》報(bào)道，美國官員表示，在美國與胡塞武裝達(dá)成協(xié)議，并且與伊朗進(jìn)行多次談判后，美軍部署在印度洋迭戈加西亞空軍基地的B-2轟炸機(jī)已經(jīng)撤回美國本土，美軍對胡塞武裝的空襲行動也已經(jīng)結(jié)束。 [49]2025年6月21日，《以色列時(shí)報(bào)》援引飛行追蹤數(shù)據(jù)稱，兩架B-2轟炸機(jī)從美國密蘇里州懷特曼空軍基地起飛，飛往西太平洋關(guān)島美軍基地。 [50]6月21日，據(jù)新華社援引美國福克斯新聞網(wǎng)站報(bào)道，飛行追蹤數(shù)據(jù)及與空中交通管制人員的語音通信內(nèi)容顯示，美國密蘇里州懷特曼空軍基地的6架B-2隱形轟炸機(jī)似正飛往關(guān)島的美國空軍基地。報(bào)道表示，這6架B-2轟炸機(jī)從密蘇里起飛后進(jìn)行了空中加油，表明其機(jī)載有效載荷過重。福克斯新聞網(wǎng)站分析，載荷可能是專家口中可摧毀伊朗福爾道地下鈾濃縮設(shè)施的巨型鉆地彈。 [51]當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間6月22日，美國國防部長赫格塞思就美國對伊朗發(fā)起襲擊一事舉行新聞發(fā)布會。美軍參謀長聯(lián)席會議主席凱恩在發(fā)布會上表示，超過125架美國飛機(jī)參與打擊伊朗核設(shè)施行動，包括B-2隱形轟炸機(jī)。 [52-53]當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間6月22日，美國官員表示，參與襲擊伊朗三處核設(shè)施的十多架B-2轟炸機(jī)中的最后一架已安全返回密蘇里州懷特曼空軍基地，這些飛機(jī)的往返飛行耗時(shí)長達(dá)37小時(shí)。 [54]6月25日報(bào)道，外媒披露B-2飛行員長航備戰(zhàn)細(xì)節(jié)，在踏進(jìn)美國空軍B-2“幽靈”隱形轟炸機(jī)的駕駛艙執(zhí)行可能超過40小時(shí)的任務(wù)之前，飛行員要進(jìn)行數(shù)周準(zhǔn)備，不僅包括制訂飛行計(jì)劃，還包括準(zhǔn)備怎么吃飯。 [55]當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間2025年7月4日，特朗普簽署“大而美”法案，簽字時(shí)B-2轟炸機(jī)飛越白宮上空。 [59-60]維修難度播報(bào)編輯1978年，當(dāng)制造廠商贏得研制B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)的合同時(shí)，生產(chǎn)132架飛機(jī)的報(bào)價(jià)是366億美元。到了1984年，廠家總報(bào)價(jià)抬至425億美元，這迫使美國空軍不得不減少訂購數(shù)量。1993年，當(dāng)美國國會確定只采購20架B-2A時(shí)，空軍預(yù)付的研制費(fèi)和廠家的開工制造費(fèi)已高達(dá)444億美元。如此一來，即使扣除研制費(fèi)用，每架飛機(jī)的造價(jià)也合8.4億美元之巨。 [8]2013年，生產(chǎn)一架B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)的費(fèi)用竟高達(dá)24億美元。 [8]故障原因2008年，“堪薩斯精神”號B-2轟炸機(jī)飛控系統(tǒng)發(fā)出錯(cuò)誤指令，導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)機(jī)失控墜毀。 [3] 2021年，一架B-2轟炸機(jī)在緊急迫降時(shí)墜機(jī)。 [3]隨后，美國空軍調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于維修體系存在漏洞，地面技術(shù)人員沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)和起落架存在問題，導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)機(jī)著陸時(shí)起落架塌陷。 [3]經(jīng)過美軍詳細(xì)檢測，結(jié)論令人驚訝： B-2轟炸機(jī)是被凍“感冒”了。 由于飛行時(shí)間推遲，這架戰(zhàn)機(jī)在室外淋了一夜的雨，機(jī)頭傳感器不慎進(jìn)水，傳給飛控系統(tǒng)錯(cuò)誤信息，影響到爬升曲線計(jì)算，導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)機(jī)失速墜毀。 [3]無獨(dú)有偶。 2年后，“華盛頓幽靈”號B-2轟炸機(jī)遭遇了嚴(yán)重的火災(zāi)事故。 根據(jù)公開報(bào)道顯示，該機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)材料存在缺陷，吸收并儲存了部分油料，這些油料在發(fā)動機(jī)點(diǎn)火過程中被點(diǎn)燃。 著火后，戰(zhàn)機(jī)大量電力、通信線纜和液壓管路被完全燒毀，鈦合金和鋁制框架等主承力結(jié)構(gòu)也熔化扭曲，最終導(dǎo)致這架B-2轟炸機(jī)近乎報(bào)廢。 [3]往前追溯，除了起落架故障，B-2轟炸機(jī)還因傳感器積水以及材料缺陷等問題遭到停飛。 [3]維修成本該機(jī)使用的隱身涂層每隔30天需清潔一次，費(fèi)用超過10萬美元；每隔7年需重涂一次，保守估算花費(fèi)在6000萬美元左右。有人戲稱，再添一個(gè)6000萬，夠買一架F-35A戰(zhàn)機(jī)了。二是管理和維護(hù)保障復(fù)雜，耗時(shí)費(fèi)力。B-2戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)維護(hù)保養(yǎng)要求高，一次全面檢修，耗時(shí)不少于1年；每飛行1小時(shí)，平均需要132個(gè)小時(shí)保養(yǎng)。繁瑣漫長的保養(yǎng)維修期，使B-2戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)實(shí)際出勤率非常低。 [1]按照工序，成百上千名工人需要先去除老化的涂層，拆下蒙皮和機(jī)載設(shè)備，讓整架飛機(jī)只剩一個(gè)框架，等新涂層噴好后，再重新組裝起來。任何一丁點(diǎn)瑕疵都可能削弱B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)引以為自豪的隱身能力,讓它暴露行跡乃至面臨滅頂之災(zāi)。 [8]B-2轟炸機(jī)每次發(fā)生事故，美軍都不得不耗費(fèi)幾千萬美元修復(fù)，代價(jià)很大。 僅在“華盛頓幽靈”號第一階段修復(fù)工作中，美軍就花費(fèi)6790萬美元，修復(fù)過程更是持續(xù)近4年。 [3]它表面的吸波材料十分嬌氣。飛行中，高速氣流會對機(jī)體表層造成磨損。每次飛行后，技術(shù)人員都要用一種類似噴漆的方法對表層的雷達(dá)吸波材料進(jìn)行整修，而新噴的吸波材料只有在一定的溫度、濕度下才能干燥固化。 [8]除高昂的事故修復(fù)費(fèi)用外，B-2轟炸機(jī)日常維護(hù)保養(yǎng)也讓美軍頭疼不已：戰(zhàn)機(jī)每飛行1小時(shí)，就需要在地面上進(jìn)行47小時(shí)維護(hù)，美國空軍每年都要為此花費(fèi)近10億美元。 [3]因此，美國空軍計(jì)劃在未來15年內(nèi)，讓B-2戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)全部退役，代之以經(jīng)濟(jì)適用性更好的B-21戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)。 [1]難修原因維修一款隱身戰(zhàn)機(jī)，本身就極其復(fù)雜，更不用說難度系數(shù)更高的隱身轟炸機(jī)。 [3]一是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜難保養(yǎng)。 眾所周知，五代機(jī)能成為高精尖裝備，關(guān)鍵在于隱身技術(shù)。 為實(shí)現(xiàn)完美隱身，航空設(shè)計(jì)師一般會對機(jī)身進(jìn)行多層涂裝，進(jìn)氣道等受氣流沖擊嚴(yán)重的部位，涂層數(shù)量甚至?xí)_(dá)到10層。 在B-2轟炸機(jī)維護(hù)過程中，有不少工作與涂層有關(guān)。 按照工序，工人需要去除老化涂層，拆下蒙皮和機(jī)載設(shè)備，等新涂層噴涂好后，再重新組裝起來。 這一過程中，任何一點(diǎn)瑕疵都可能影響戰(zhàn)機(jī)的隱身能力。 [3]二是材料脆弱難維護(hù)。 B-2轟炸機(jī)表面的吸波材料十分“嬌氣”，對環(huán)境因素特別敏感，不管戰(zhàn)機(jī)是否執(zhí)行任務(wù)，都要定期保養(yǎng)。 飛行中，高速氣流會對機(jī)體表層造成磨損。 每次執(zhí)行飛行任務(wù)后，技術(shù)人員要用一種類似噴漆的方法對表層的雷達(dá)吸波材料進(jìn)行修復(fù)，而新噴涂的吸波材料只有在一定溫度和濕度條件下才能干燥固化，B-2轟炸機(jī)的機(jī)庫需要保持恒溫恒濕環(huán)境。 為此，美軍為B-2轟炸機(jī)量身打造了大型可前沿部署機(jī)庫，用來抵御極端天氣。 [3]三是零件短缺難采購。 B-2轟炸機(jī)部件精密，機(jī)身結(jié)構(gòu)采用大量復(fù)合材料。 然而，美軍庫存的一些B-2轟炸機(jī)零件早已消耗殆盡，機(jī)隊(duì)經(jīng)常遇到零件短缺情況。 雪上加霜的是，相關(guān)零件供應(yīng)商大多已經(jīng)停產(chǎn)，在原有生產(chǎn)線已關(guān)閉的情況下，關(guān)鍵零件必須根據(jù)原始圖紙重新制造，不僅價(jià)格高，還十分耗時(shí)。 [3]相比五代機(jī)，隱身轟炸機(jī)體型更大，維修起來難度系數(shù)更高。 有數(shù)據(jù)顯示，B-2轟炸機(jī)機(jī)翼面積是F-35戰(zhàn)機(jī)的11倍，比一個(gè)籃球場還要大。 要在這么大的空間面積維護(hù)保養(yǎng)，難度可想而知。 [3]后續(xù)改進(jìn)播報(bào)編輯2003年6月，美國空軍計(jì)劃按照B-2超地平通信計(jì)劃，在B-2轟炸機(jī)上增裝Link-16數(shù)據(jù)鏈。應(yīng)用Link-16數(shù)據(jù)鏈數(shù)據(jù)，將令B-2駕駛員實(shí)時(shí)獲知飛機(jī)所處位置。 [30-31]2003年9月10日，美國空軍的一架在尤他州試驗(yàn)靶場，一次投放了80顆227千克的JDAM炸彈，轟炸了長度不到1609米的模擬小型機(jī)場。每顆JDAM炸彈都經(jīng)過了單獨(dú)編程，以理想的角度和航向，各自攻擊了的預(yù)定目標(biāo)。 [30]2004年8月，諾思羅普·格魯門公司官員表示將向懷特曼空軍基地交付首架具有新隱身涂層的B-2轟炸機(jī)，這標(biāo)志著B-2的隱身和雷達(dá)改進(jìn)工作達(dá)到關(guān)鍵里程碑。 [30]2004年12月，在俄克拉荷馬州廷克空軍基地，E-3機(jī)載預(yù)警和控制系統(tǒng)飛機(jī)（AWACS）機(jī)隊(duì)與該基地的全球力量轟炸機(jī)聯(lián)合試飛工作隊(duì)聯(lián)合對B-2A隱身轟炸機(jī)實(shí)施Link-16數(shù)據(jù)鏈綜合驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)。 [30]2006年4月，來自于美國俄亥俄州賴特帕特森空軍基地材料與制造委員會的工程師們，與B-2系統(tǒng)小組和材料專家一起，解決了一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的材料成批生產(chǎn)問題。此問題直接影響美空軍B-2轟炸機(jī)機(jī)隊(duì)的作戰(zhàn)可維護(hù)性，進(jìn)而影響到作戰(zhàn)可用性。 [30]2006年9月，美國諾思羅普·格魯門公司和雷聲公司表示，它們已向美國國防部建議一種逐年推進(jìn)的增量式漸進(jìn)升級途徑，在未來許多年內(nèi)對B-2進(jìn)行改進(jìn)。2006年10月，美國諾思羅普·格魯門公司希望其B-2A轟炸機(jī)可作為試驗(yàn)平臺，對美空軍的"下一代遠(yuǎn)程攻擊系統(tǒng)"(NGLRS)所需要的技術(shù)、武器和作戰(zhàn)概念進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證和評價(jià)。2007年1月2日，美空軍轟炸機(jī)主管稱，空軍對B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)進(jìn)行一系列升級。有些升級工作已經(jīng)完成，還有一些仍在規(guī)劃中，有的將提前10年以上進(jìn)行規(guī)劃。2007年3月，美國空軍已經(jīng)通過了B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)的主承包商——諾思羅普·格魯門公司提議的改進(jìn)這種轟炸機(jī)的衛(wèi)星通信系統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃，同意該公司開始研制和驗(yàn)證極高頻（EHF）衛(wèi)星通信系統(tǒng)，以便使B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)發(fā)送和接收戰(zhàn)場信息的能力提高約100倍。2007年6月，諾思羅普·格魯門公司已與波音公司簽署一份歷時(shí)62個(gè)月、價(jià)值1.71億美元的系統(tǒng)開發(fā)和驗(yàn)證(SDD)合同。該合同是美國空軍B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)新型極高頻(EHF)衛(wèi)星通信系統(tǒng)的第一個(gè)增量升級項(xiàng)目。2007年7月，諾思羅普·格魯曼公司宣布，該公司已經(jīng)著手研究為美國空軍的B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)裝備新型的30000磅（13620千克）級鉆地彈（penetrator weapon）。 [32]2007年11月，諾思羅普·格魯曼公司已經(jīng)完成為B-2隱身轟炸機(jī)雷達(dá)改進(jìn)計(jì)劃（RMP）開發(fā)的新型雷達(dá)天線試驗(yàn)裝置（DTU）的安裝、綜合和首飛。 [33]2008年1月，駐密蘇里州Whiteman空軍基地的美國空軍509轟炸機(jī)聯(lián)隊(duì)宣布，該基地的武器專家將重達(dá)30000磅（13620千克）的巨型鉆地彈（Massive Ordnance Penetrator，MOP）搭載在B-2"幽靈（Spirit）"隱身轟炸機(jī)的彈艙內(nèi)。 [34]2008年7月，諾思羅普·格魯門公司的用于升級B-2A隱身轟炸機(jī)飛行管理系統(tǒng)（FMS）的現(xiàn)代化計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu)開發(fā)完成了第一階段。 [35]2010年1月，美國空軍利用B-2A隱身轟炸機(jī)完成了一次使用人造混合燃料飛行驗(yàn)證。美國空軍可選燃料驗(yàn)證辦公室主管Jeff Braun透露，此次驗(yàn)證過程中，一架B-2從Whiteman空軍基地起飛完成了一次訓(xùn)練。 [36]2010年4月諾思羅普·格魯曼公司已經(jīng)完成B-2轟炸機(jī)雷達(dá)現(xiàn)代化項(xiàng)目（RMP）的系統(tǒng)開發(fā)和演示階段(SDD)。2012年3月，五角大樓宣布一項(xiàng)價(jià)值200億美元、歷時(shí)10年的現(xiàn)代化改良B-2部隊(duì)的計(jì)劃。改進(jìn)的主要領(lǐng)域是全面更換過時(shí)的航空電子設(shè)備和裝備程序，以應(yīng)對未來越發(fā)復(fù)雜的“潛在敵人”防空網(wǎng)。 [37]B-2戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)服役30多年來，美國空軍不斷根據(jù)作戰(zhàn)需要對其進(jìn)行升級改造。例如，升級飛行管理系統(tǒng)，改進(jìn)衛(wèi)星通信設(shè)備，裝備性能更好的雷達(dá)，全面更換航空電子設(shè)備和程序，采用新型隱身涂料，升級防御管控系統(tǒng)，裝備威力更大、精度更高的新型鉆地彈等。 [1]改進(jìn)后的B-2戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)能夠在更復(fù)雜的戰(zhàn)場環(huán)境下執(zhí)行作戰(zhàn)任務(wù)，更有效地穿透敵方現(xiàn)代綜合防空系統(tǒng)，為后續(xù)攻擊行動開辟通道，并在任務(wù)完成后安全地返回基地。在美軍看來，B-2戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)“通過一次行動就能改變整場戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)局”，是應(yīng)對地區(qū)威脅的不二法寶。因此，美軍時(shí)不時(shí)將其派往敏感地區(qū)，以訛詐或威懾對手，為盟友站臺。 [1]2018年8月15日至9月27日，3架B-2戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)以及200多名空軍人員，被部署到夏威夷州珍珠港?？仿?lián)合基地。其間，B-2戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)進(jìn)行“熱加油”技術(shù)、模擬打擊以及與F-22戰(zhàn)機(jī)聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)等課目演練。值得一提的是，所謂“熱加油”技術(shù)是指B-2戰(zhàn)略轟炸機(jī)在降落后不關(guān)閉引擎，直接由地勤保障人員為其加滿油，再行起飛的一種實(shí)用加油技術(shù)，能夠最大限度縮短地面維護(hù)時(shí)間，減小潛在對手導(dǎo)彈打擊窗口期，顯著提高生存能力。 [1]總體評價(jià)播報(bào)編輯最昂貴的軍用飛機(jī)（單位）：世界上最昂貴的軍用飛機(jī)是美國制造的B-2勇氣號，每架造價(jià)超過13億美元（7.8億英鎊）。（吉尼斯世界記錄）爭議事件播報(bào)編輯2025年6月，美國派B-2隱形轟炸機(jī)對伊朗三處核設(shè)施進(jìn)行了轟炸，飛行員37小時(shí)不間斷飛行令人震驚。B-2轟炸機(jī)執(zhí)行任務(wù)最長記錄是44小時(shí)——9·11之后美國轟炸阿富汗，執(zhí)行過該任務(wù)的梅爾文·迪爾在2001年駕駛B-2對阿富汗進(jìn)行了轟炸。美退役上校梅爾文·迪爾揭秘B2連飛44小時(shí)內(nèi)幕，他說輪流睡覺、有貓砂的尿布包和興奮劑是必須的，具體什么時(shí)候飛不知道，“如果總統(tǒng)打了電話，我們就會飛。”起飛、加油、轟炸和降落等關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻，兩名飛行員必須同時(shí)在座位上。其他時(shí)間會輪流在駕駛艙座椅后面的小床上睡覺 [56]。據(jù)美國廣播公司（ABC）報(bào)道，當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間2025年6月25日，美國總統(tǒng)特朗普和美國國防部長赫格塞思都試圖反駁美國情報(bào)部門的初步評估，即對伊朗三處核設(shè)施的襲擊造成的損失有限，二人聲稱相關(guān)新聞報(bào)道貶低了投下炸彈的B-2“幽靈”隱形轟炸機(jī)飛行員 [57]。2025年6月25日，據(jù)美國“戰(zhàn)區(qū)”網(wǎng)站報(bào)道，公開行動代碼、充當(dāng)誘餌佯動的B-2編隊(duì)在航空跟蹤平臺上吸引了許多航空追蹤愛好者和開源情報(bào)賬號的關(guān)注，就在該編隊(duì)飛過太平洋上空時(shí)，其中一架B-2轟炸機(jī)發(fā)生故障，在位于夏威夷的希卡姆聯(lián)合基地緊急降落。美媒稱，對于以結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、維護(hù)成本高且嚴(yán)重老化的B-2轟炸機(jī)來說，這種緊急改道的情況并非首次。根據(jù)飛機(jī)受損的嚴(yán)重程度和方式，對這架B-2轟炸機(jī)進(jìn)行維修的工作可能會非常復(fù)雜。 [58]新手上路成長任務(wù)編輯入門編輯規(guī)則本人編輯我有疑問內(nèi)容質(zhì)疑在線客服官方貼吧意見反饋投訴建議舉報(bào)不良信息未通過詞條申訴投訴侵權(quán)信息封禁查詢與解封?2025?Baidu?使用百度前必讀?|?百科協(xié)議?|?隱私政策?|?百度百科合作平臺?|?京ICP證030173號?京公網(wǎng)安備11000002000001號window.PAGE_DATA= 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B-2相比，除了具有相同的抗一般腐蝕和晶間腐蝕性能外，進(jìn)一步提高了抗應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂的性能，同時(shí)抗敏化性也提高了。HastelloyB-2應(yīng)用范圍HastelloyB-2在化學(xué)、石化、能源制造和污染控制領(lǐng)域中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用，尤其是在硫酸、鹽酸、磷酸、醋酸等工業(yè)中。若應(yīng)用于特殊領(lǐng)域，請咨詢材料供應(yīng)商。 HastelloyB-2加工和熱處理HastelloyB-2加熱在熱處理之前及熱處理過程中應(yīng)始終保持工件清潔和無污染，這一點(diǎn)非常重要。在加熱過程中不能接觸硫、磷、鉛及其它低熔點(diǎn)金屬，否則會損害合金的性能，使Hastelloy B-2變脆。應(yīng)注意清除諸如標(biāo)記漆、溫度指示漆、彩色蠟筆、粉筆、潤滑油、各種液體及油污、燃料等污漬。燃料中的含硫量越低越好，天然氣和液化石油氣中的硫的總含量應(yīng)少于0.1%，城市煤氣中硫的含量***多不超過0.25g/m3，燃油中硫含量應(yīng)少于0.5%。爐氣必須潔凈并以微還原性為宜，應(yīng)避免爐氣在氧化性和還原性之間波動，加熱火焰不能直接燒向工件。應(yīng)盡量快地加熱至要求的溫度。HastelloyB-2熱加工 HastelloyB-2的熱加工溫度范圍1160℃～900℃，冷卻方式為水淬。為保證優(yōu)秀的防腐性能，熱加工后應(yīng)進(jìn)行退火。熱加工時(shí)，工件應(yīng)直接加入已升溫的熱處理爐。HastelloyB-2冷加工冷加工需在固溶退火態(tài)進(jìn)行。HastelloyB-2的加工硬化率大于奧氏體不銹鋼，因此需要對加工設(shè)備進(jìn)行相應(yīng)調(diào)整。在冷加工過程中應(yīng)有中間退火。若冷軋變形量大于15%，則在使用前需要對工件進(jìn)行固溶處理。HastelloyB-2熱處理 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217KN/mm2硬度： 40HRC熔點(diǎn)： 1370℃電阻率： 137μΩcm熱膨脹系數(shù)：（20-100℃）：11.2μm/m℃工作溫度： －200-＋400℃ 上一頁：N10665
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